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What is stereo?




There are now two system of high fidelity, monophonic (monaural) and stereophonic. Monophonic is a system that starts from one microphone and is fed through a single high fidelity set. Stereophonic is a double system. Two separate microphones are placed at different sides of the orchestra and two different systems are used to keep the two signals or channels separated. Two separate speakers are used, placed on different sides of you room. Stereo is much like 3-D photography, two slightly different sound reach your ears giving you a new dimension in sound.




H.H. Scott '59





Mark Levinson ML-9 power amp

The ML-9 is a basic stereophonic amplifier with many of the features of the higher-powered ML-3. the ML-9 is rated at 100 Watts continuous sinewave power per channel into 8 ohms, with both channels driven, from 20 Hz to 20 kHz with no more than 0.2% Total Harmonic Distortion. It will drive even the most inefficient loudspeakers to their full potential. In fact, the ML-9 will easily satisfy the power requirements of all but the most unorthodox applications.
The design goal of the ML-9 was to provide the same overall performance of the Ml-3 in a component with about half the power, size and price.
Thus, the audio circuitry of both models is similar. Push-pull operation is maintained from input to output. Full protection is provided for both the amplifier and the load. The power supply of the ML-9 consists of a 1,2 kVA toroidal transformer and a pair of 36 milli-Farad capacitors, allowing for energy storage in excess of 230 Joules.
The damping factor can be adjusted by means of a three-position toggle switch on each channel to meet the requirements of virtually all presently available loudspeakers. The ML-9 has been designed to drive complex loads with complete stability.

Circuit description
The ML-9 is a high quality Class AB₂ stereophonic amplifier designed to provide virtually the same sonic performance as the ML-3 in a component of about half the power, weight, size and price.
Power Supply
Consists of a 1,2 kVA toroidal transformer, a 30A bridge rectifer, and two 36,000 µF capacitors. Four 520 µF capacitors are used for added decoupling of the pre-driver stage.
Pre-Driver Stage
Consists of a differential amplifier with a cascode which drives a second differential amplifier with a cascode and a current inverter. The inverter converts from balanced to ground (differential) to unbalanced to ground while maintaining push-pull operation.
Driver Stage
Consists of a complimentary emitter follower, driving a second complimentary emitter follower.
Output Stage
Consists of four parallel complimentary push-pull emitter followers
Protection
The on/off switch doubles as an electromagnetic circuit breaker to protect the amplifier from excessive current. The power stages are protected by an energy limiting circuit which monitors power dissipation versus time. Independent energy limiting for positive and negative information minimizes distortion while in the overload condition. This circuit offers excellent protection without effecting the sonic quality. The loudspeaker is protected by a D.C. sensing circuit that monitors the output of the amplifier. The D.C. sensing circuit is connected to the circuit breaker. Several other techniques have been employed to protect the ML-9 from external sources of damage.
Selectable damping Factor
Loudspeakers, like all electrical devices, are not perfect. We have determined that certain loudspeaker characteristics can be effected by varying the damping factor of the amplifier. For the reason the ML-9 is equipped with selectable damping capability.

Specifications
Rated Power:  100 watts continuous sine-wave power pre channel into 8 Ω with both channels driven from 20 Hz - 20 kHz with no more than ,2% T.H.D.
Frequency Response:  (-3 dB) 3 Hz, 44 kHz (ultra sonic filter is a modified bessel alignment)
Input Impedance:  50 k Ω
Voltage Gain:  26 dB
Power Consumption:  400 W at rated output into 8 Ω, 50 Hz - 400 Hz (100 W at idle)
Overall Dimensions (W x H x D):  482 x 216 x  339 mm (19" x  8-1/2" x 13-3/8")
Weight:  29,48 kg (65 lbs)
Connector Complement:  2 Camac coaxial connectors; 4 binding posts