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What is stereo?




There are now two system of high fidelity, monophonic (monaural) and stereophonic. Monophonic is a system that starts from one microphone and is fed through a single high fidelity set. Stereophonic is a double system. Two separate microphones are placed at different sides of the orchestra and two different systems are used to keep the two signals or channels separated. Two separate speakers are used, placed on different sides of you room. Stereo is much like 3-D photography, two slightly different sound reach your ears giving you a new dimension in sound.




H.H. Scott '59





Sugden A 48 mkII (1976) amplifier


Circuit Configuration
The amplifier is electrically and physically in two sections, the pre-amplifier or control unit and the power amplifier. The pre-amplifier is again in two electrical sections. The first section is a feedback triple of high gain transistors forming the disc amplifier. The output of the disc amplifier or one of the high level inputs is selected and fed to an emitter follower circuit which in turn feeds the tone control, filter snd output stages. Each power amplifier has a low noise input transistor coupled to a high voltage bootstrapped stage to convert the input EMF to a high amplitude EMF approx equivalent too the required output voltage. The voltage amplifier is followed by a bootstrapped medium power emitter follower stage working into a resistive load. This circuit is followed by twin complementary pairs of output emitter followers with emitter coupled drivers. The quiescent current is fairly high at 100 mA. This method has been found to produce a linear output even without feedback thus only 30 dB or so of negative is used with  a much greater attendant stability into complex loudspeaker loads. The output stage is protected by reverse  fast diodes across the output devices and  curent limiting cicuiry. Cartridge fuses protect against over  dissipstion from a sustained short circuit.

Construction and finish
The basic chassis is a U section front panel joined to a U section rear panel with two tray section side members and a lateral U section member also joining the two side members. One side member caries the large main transformer, the lateral member the power smoothing and loudspeaker coupling capacitors together with the two bridge rectifiers, the front panel carries the pre-amplifier and the rear panel the power amplifier. The pre-amplifier components except for the controls which are mounted on the front panel are carried on a printed circuit board supported on special nylon stand off pillars. The entire pre-amplifier is screened in a two part cover formed from 22 gaue steel. All other steel parts are formed from 18 or 16 gauge mild steel. The power amplifier circuits are mounted on nylon stand off pillars carried by the rear panel and the power transistors are mounted on four massive heatsinks carried outside the rear panel and machined from from a special aluminium extrusion produced for JE Sugden by Alcan Booth Aluminium. The heatsinks are anodized matt black and all the ferrous metalwork is zinc plated and chromate passivated for maximum corrosion resistance. The chassis is clad in the "trim" consisting of a nextel finished strip behind the knobs and two aluminium trims which carry the front lettering. These trims are acid etched and anodized and printed with an epoxy ink. The top and sides trims are made from aluminium and finished in Nextel - a very durable paint with a suede effect feel to it. The push button knobs are of hard moulded black plastic and the rotary knobs are centre collet fixing (for perfect positioning and for not coming loose) in a rather pleasing matt black finish. The rear trims are aluminium faced with matt white PVC upon which the connector details are printed using a scratch resistant vinyl solvent ink. Non-staining soft plastic feet are fitted to the bottom.

Specification
Power Output (from Loudspeaker Sockets): 
8 Ω Loads :  45 W RMS per channel (90 W from both channels simultaneous operation)
16 Ω Loads :  35 W RMS per channel
4 Ω Loads :  50 W RMS per channel
Headphone Output:  600, 300 and 8 Ω (from TRS jackk socket on front panel, fed via an attenuator network from the loudspeaker circuits)
Tape Recorder Outputs:  '
DIN 5 Pin : 200 mV / 100 k Ω
Harmonic Distortion:  less than 0,1% into 8 Ω at 1 kHz (just prior to clipping)
Output Impedance:  0,2 Ω (in series with 10,000 µF)
Frequency Response:  30 Hz - 20 kHz ±1 dB
Power Response:  15 Hz - 35 kHz (at constant input level the output is -3 dB relative to 45 W at 1 kHz)
Load Stability:  Unconditional (reactive loads such as electrostatic loudspeakers will not cause malfunctioning of the power amplifier section)
Input Selection:  Disc 2; Dosc 1; Radio; Tape 1; Tape 2
Input Connections:  by 5 pin DIN sockets on the rear panel
Input Sensitivity (ref. To 25 Watt output level, 8 Ω loads):
Disc :  2,5 mV/47 k Ω
Radio :  100 mV/180 k Ω
Tapes :  100mV/200 k Ω
Signal-to-Noise Ratio: 
Disc Input :  75 dB
Aux, Radio, Tape :  85 dB
Disc Equalization: to BS1928 i.e. RIAA
Filter Controls
Low :  70 Hz / 12 dB per octave
High :  choice of 4, 7, 10 kHz / 18 dB or 6 dB per octave
General function
Mains Supply Required:  110  - 120 - 220 - 230 - 240 V AC 50/60 Hz (set by adjustment on transformer)
Dimensions (W x H x D):  400 x 130 x 290 mm (15,8" x 4,9" x 11,4")
Weight:  10,7 kg 23,5 lbs